Tuesday, May 29, 2007

A Look at the Glasses Companies

A while ago I found the glass companies all quite promising as the over capacity problem seemed to be nearing an end. But the prices jumped too quickly, as it had always had ahead of the relevant facts, so only the brave or informed were rewarded, handsomely, excluding me.

I then found some consolation in the glasses companies, which I think are still very reasonably priced in spite of their recent rises and should provide another opportunity to ride on the turnaround story. They are Arts Optical (1120), Sun Hing (125), and Elegance (907).

A few myth to rebut.

(1) Glasses, like shoes, have evolved from a necessity item into a fashion item. Take a look in a shop and you'd tempted to buy a pair yourself even you don't need one. Count the brands, Gucci, Prada, BV, D&G, Valentino, then count all the different style, shape, and colors and it's like you're in a mini department store. It's not unusual people nowadays have multiple pairs to match their clothes. What this brings is ample replacement demand, season in season out.

(2) RMB appreciating by 5%-7% a year is a lot but only against USD that is. If you look at how much more the Pound, Euro, and every other major currencies (except for the sorry yen) has appreciated against the USD, then you'd realize RMB has actually depreciated during this time. This made the China export very attractively priced (since it's priced in USD) and it's no coincidence that all three glasses companies had 2/3 of turnover from Europe. This also means more outsourcing opportunities though the major brands won't admit directly their glasses are made in China.

(3) Increasing production cost - this is really no concern if you look at the margin of the glasses makers, averaging over 10% in net margin. Remember glasses are now a fashion item and so follows the cardinal rule 'the more expensive the better'. A small rise in retail prices will more than take care of the costs. And I don't see the glasses makers being squeezed when its customers, i.e. importers and retailers, are having a good time.

I have slight preference for Arts Optical as it's the biggest and with the most active trading, but if you're buying for a longer term and in smaller quantities then either Sun Hing or Elegance is equally good. I remember Sun Hing outperformed quite a bit in the last up cycle while Elegance is now backed up a major European glassmaker and is a little cheaper too. Only Elegance has negligible debt while the other two have nil.

DISCLOSURE: I hold 1120 at time of writing. I don't hold 125 or 907 at time of writing.

Comments:
"投資廣場" appears at 信報 every Thursday. Each article is an extract of the latest analyst reports on an industry or sector as well as its major listed players, a highly recommended news column.


信報
投資廣場 2007-05-03



內地玻璃行業進入上升周期



... 在過去一段日子,內地玻璃業因面對產能過剩而陷入低價搶爭市場的競爭狀態,同時油價急升使成本大幅上升,整體行業盈利陷於低潮,去年內地玻璃行業整體錄得三億四千七百萬元人民幣虧損。目前,國外前四位的跨國玻璃企業佔全球41%的平板玻璃和逾50%的深加工玻璃產量,相對而言,中國生產的玻璃總量在全球佔有率雖逾三成,但卻散落在近三百家大、中、小企業,且以普通浮法及平板玻璃等低階產品為主,在國際上的競爭力不強。

議價能力低 停產成本大

欲了解玻璃行業的周期性,其中一個方法是把它和同屬周期性行業的水泥業比較。事實上,這兩項產品主要都是用於建造業,行業內的企業同樣分散,亦沒有議價能力,屬於價格接受者(price taker);同時,兩者的原材料,包括製造玻璃用的重油(Heavy Oil)及純鹼(Soda Ash)、製造水泥所需的電力及煤,均屬市場商品,個別採購者難以影響其價格。

對於業內的公司而言,由於玻璃及水泥都屬於「重型」商品,運輸成本佔產品價格的比例偏高,因而主要銷售予當地市場,另一方面,兩者新增產能一般可以在一年左右投入,前置時間較很多行業為短;這些都是可能影響其行業周期的一些因素。

作為周期循環的大前提下,行業結構的不同使它們呈現出不同的特性。在玻璃業而言,暫停後重開一條日產能六百噸生產線的平均成本達三千萬元人民幣,而新建生產線的資本投入則約為二億五千萬元人民幣,停產成本可說是相當高。在這個前提下,一般玻璃廠商都不願意停產或減產,因此,當市場上出現供過於求的情況時,產品價格將急速下瀉;基於同樣的原因,當市場對玻璃的需求上升時,由於很少有「剩餘」的生產線,產能亦難在短時間內增加,使玻璃價格急升。相對而言,水泥生產線較易暫停或重啟,供求失衡的情況會相對和緩。


供需趨平衡 價格呈反彈

此外,產品的可儲存期對行業周期亦有一定影響,由於水泥產品存放限期不長,因此鮮有積存舊貨的情況,但在玻璃產品而言,當需求上升時,庫存總是先被消耗,使市場的供求及產品價格變化出現時間差。

過度投資是內地玻璃行業陷入低潮的其中一個重要原因,而內地政府亦已採取政策調控,促使行業整合。去年底,發改委推出《關於促進平板玻璃工業結構調整的若干意見》明確指出,對新建項目要嚴格控制、加強審批程序。按照調整計劃,玻璃行業將在「十一五」期間,把平板玻璃生產總量控制在五億重量箱,其中浮法玻璃比重將佔90%以上,優質浮法玻璃與特殊品種的比重將達到40%,玻璃深加工率亦將達到40%以上,以提高整體產品質量,達到高檔建築、交通運輸業及訊息產業的需求。


對於玻璃行業的發展情況,高盛早前發表報告,認為該行業很有機會進入上升周期。高盛指出,過去兩年中央政府對房地產的調控,使完工項目減少,從而亦減低了對玻璃的需求,玻璃價格由2005年每重量箱六十八元人民幣,下跌至2006年的六十二元人民幣,跌幅近9%。分析員表示,從大部分廣州地區地產發展項目重新動工、以建築業為客戶的鋁合金廠商首季出貨量大幅增長、及玻璃價格在傳統淡季中上升,皆反映出市場對玻璃的需求正在回復。


供應方面,高盛預期,未來兩年行業產能增長將放緩至9%及7%,而除了中央的調控政策外,近日重油價格大幅反彈,亦可能進一步減緩資本的投入;分析員指出,從去年內地住宅項目面積完成量下降3%,但玻璃價格則由6月的低位,反彈6%至年底時的每重量箱六十六元,已反映出供應面的改善。


信義玻璃日漸多元化

在港股中,以玻璃為主業的公司不算多,較為投資者所知的包括信義玻璃(868)及浙江玻璃(739)。

信義玻璃早前公布業績,純利按年升49.3%至三億八千八百萬元,超出市場預期,多間券商均調升其盈利預測及目標價;信義業績增長強勁,主要由於其銷售額大增40%至十九億元,其中新投入的浮法玻璃生產線,貢獻亦較預期為多。

不同於一般玻璃廠商,信義以汽車玻璃為主要產品,佔其去年銷售額逾六成,而建造用玻璃及浮法玻璃則分別佔二成半及一成。

花旗報告指出,信義的汽車玻璃主要受惠於歐洲及日本汽車市場的增長及廠商增加外判的趨勢,其熱反射汽車玻璃預期可在2008年第一季投產;另一方面,該行認為其節能建築玻璃將是未來兩年的重要增長動力,其中,兩條生產線將分別在2008年第一及第二季投產;對於浮法玻璃業務,分析員則指出,歐美的浮法玻璃產能正逐漸減少,而內地不少浮法玻璃生產線已相當老舊,對信義開拓這方面的產品有一定幫助。

滙豐分析員指出,目前信義玻璃正興建首條超純玻璃(Ultra-pure Glass)生產線,預期可於今年第三季落成,隨着信義擴充旗下產品總類,已成為內地大型的綜合玻璃企業,未來有條件開發其他特種玻璃產品,或能提高利潤率。

不過,須留意的是,摩通分析員指出,信義在2007年資本開支預計達六億五千萬元,而2008及09年更分別再增加十二億元,資本開支不少,未來很可能有集資需要。


浙玻拓上游業務

相對而言,浙江玻璃的情況則較為簡單,其前景主要受玻璃行業周期所帶動。其早前公布業績,錄得虧損五千七百萬元人民幣,高盛指屬意料之內,並指其下半年情況已呈好轉。高盛指出,浙玻有雙重吸引點(Sweet Spot),首先是玻璃行業將進入周期性回升,而目前利潤水平約為每重力箱兩元人民幣,而上一次行業低潮為2002年,當時利潤水平約為十四元人民幣,較目前高出七倍;除價格回升外,其成功以煤焦油部分取代重油,有助削減約10%生產成本,其二條生產線將投產並增添33%產能,亦有助增加收入。

另一方面,浙玻投資在上游的純鹼業務,今年將進入收成期,預期2007年盈利可達一億六千五百萬元人民幣,較其核心玻璃業務盈利更多,可佔今年盈利的67%。
 
Thanks for your input. Yes I read that column too from time to time too, depending on the company covered each time.

But buying at current prices is too high for me, as I don't like to place too much hope (on earnings, growth, etc) on any share because that often disappoints. I'd rather buy when activities and attention are low, like when I first spotted them in January this year.
 
English...
 
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